Verify with an attorney
This page is not legal advice. Surrogacy law moves fast: New York legalized gestational surrogacy in 2021, Michigan in 2025, and several states have rewritten their parentage acts since 2019. Every entry below is current to the best of our research as of Aug 2026 and is pending a full review by a reproductive-law attorney. Before you sign anything, confirm your state's rules with a lawyer who practices assisted-reproduction law there.Surrogacy law map
Skip the map — jump to the state list
Statute — clear law, pre-birth orders available
Case law or routine practice — no statute, but courts handle it
Proceed with caution — contracts may not be enforceable
Four categories of state surrogacy law
States fall into roughly four buckets. The colors match the map and the tier tags on every state entry.
Strong statutory framework
An explicit statute permits gestational surrogacy, usually with pre-birth orders. Most protective for surrogates and intended parents. Examples: California, Illinois, Nevada, Washington, Texas.Case law or routine practice
No explicit statute, but courts routinely grant parentage orders based on precedent. Usually fine, less predictable. Examples: Georgia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Oregon.Proceed with caution
A statute or attorney-general opinion says contracts are unenforceable, yet courts still issue parentage orders in practice. Your contract is a weaker shield here. Examples: Arizona, Indiana, Kansas.Restricted
Paid surrogacy is void or effectively barred by statute. Partner agencies don't match surrogates here. Examples: Louisiana, Nebraska.All 50 states and DC at a glance
Verify with a surrogacy attorney licensed in your state — laws change
Every row below asserts a legal status as of Aug 2026, based on the statute or case named in the Basis column. None of it replaces advice from a reproductive-law attorney licensed where you live.| State | Tier | What it means for you | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Practice | Practiced; post-birth orders common | No surrogacy statute; adoption code exempts surrogacy payments |
| Alaska | Practice | Practiced; post-birth process typical | No statute; court practice |
| Arizona | Caution | Contracts unenforceable by statute; orders granted county by county | A.R.S. § 25-218; Soos v. Superior Court (1994) |
| Arkansas | Statute | Older statute recognizes intended parents; confirm process with counsel | Ark. Code § 9-10-201 |
| California | Statute | Strongest protection; pre-birth orders routine | Cal. Fam. Code §§ 7960–7962 |
| Colorado | Statute | Modern statute; pre-birth orders available | Colorado Surrogacy Agreement Act (2021) |
| Connecticut | Statute | Pre-birth orders routine | Connecticut Parentage Act (2022) |
| Delaware | Statute | Pre-birth orders routine | 13 Del. C. § 8-801 et seq. |
| District of Columbia | Statute | Legal and regulated since 2017; pre-birth orders available | Collaborative Reproduction Amendment Act (2016) |
| Florida | Statute | Statute covers married intended parents; post-birth affirmation order | Fla. Stat. §§ 742.15–742.16 |
| Georgia | Practice | Pre-birth orders in many counties | No statute; court practice |
| Hawaii | Practice | Practiced; post-birth process typical | No statute; court practice |
| Idaho | Practice | Practiced via court orders; recent legislative changes — confirm | Court practice; confirm current statute |
| Illinois | Statute | Strong protection; pre-birth orders routine | Gestational Surrogacy Act, 750 ILCS 47 |
| Indiana | Caution | Contracts void by statute; courts still grant parentage orders | Ind. Code § 31-20-1-1 |
| Iowa | Practice | Supreme Court upheld a gestational agreement | P.M. v. T.B. (Iowa 2018) |
| Kansas | Caution | Old AG opinion calls contracts void; practice proceeds post-birth | Attorney General opinion (1982); court practice |
| Kentucky | Practice | Gestational practiced; traditional discouraged | No statute; court practice |
| Louisiana | Restricted | Paid surrogacy effectively barred | La. R.S. 9:2713; 9:2718–2720.15 |
| Maine | Statute | Pre-birth orders routine | Maine Parentage Act (2016) |
| Maryland | Practice | Pre-birth orders common | In re Roberto d.B. (Md. 2007) |
| Massachusetts | Statute | New parentage act codifies gestational carrier agreements | Massachusetts Parentage Act (2024) |
| Michigan | Statute | Legal and regulated since 2025 after decades of prohibition | Michigan Family Protection Act, 2024 PA 24 |
| Minnesota | Practice | Pre-birth orders in many counties | No statute; court practice |
| Mississippi | Caution | No statute or clear precedent; limited practice | Court practice, county-dependent |
| Missouri | Practice | Practiced; orders granted by county | No statute; court practice |
| Montana | Practice | Practiced; pre-birth orders in some counties | No statute; court practice |
| Nebraska | Restricted | Paid surrogacy contracts void | Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,200 |
| Nevada | Statute | Strong protection; pre-birth orders routine | NRS Chapter 126 |
| New Hampshire | Statute | Pre-birth orders routine | RSA 168-B (2014) |
| New Jersey | Statute | Pre-birth orders routine | Gestational Carrier Agreement Act (2018) |
| New Mexico | Practice | Practiced; orders available | Court practice; confirm current parentage act |
| New York | Statute | Compensated gestational legal since 2021; traditional not enforceable | Child-Parent Security Act |
| North Carolina | Practice | Pre-birth orders commonly granted; varies by county | No statute; court practice |
| North Dakota | Statute | Gestational carrier agreements recognized; traditional void | N.D.C.C. ch. 14-18 |
| Ohio | Practice | Pre-birth orders available | J.F. v. D.B. (Ohio 2007) |
| Oklahoma | Statute | Court validates the agreement; orders available | Gestational Agreement Act (2019) |
| Oregon | Practice | Pre-birth orders routine | No statute; established court practice |
| Pennsylvania | Practice | Pre-birth orders routine | In re Baby S. (Pa. Super. 2015) |
| Rhode Island | Statute | Pre-birth orders routine | Uniform Parentage Act (2020) |
| South Carolina | Practice | Pre-birth orders commonly granted; varies by county | No statute; court practice |
| South Dakota | Practice | Practiced; orders by county | No statute; court practice |
| Tennessee | Practice | Pre-birth orders routinely issued | Tenn. Code § 36-1-102 (definition only); court practice |
| Texas | Statute | Court validates the agreement before transfer; strong protection | Tex. Fam. Code ch. 160, subch. I |
| Utah | Statute | Court validates the agreement; married intended parents | Utah Code § 78B-15-801 et seq. |
| Vermont | Statute | Pre-birth orders routine | Vermont Parentage Act (2018) |
| Virginia | Statute | Statutory process; pre-approval optional | Va. Code § 20-156 et seq. |
| Washington | Statute | Strong protection; pre-birth orders routine | RCW 26.26A (2019) |
| West Virginia | Practice | Practiced; orders by county | No full statute; W. Va. Code § 48-22-803 exempts surrogacy fees |
| Wisconsin | Practice | Supreme Court enforced most of a surrogacy agreement | Rosecky v. Schissel (Wis. 2013) |
| Wyoming | Practice | Practiced; orders by county | No statute; court practice |
Strong statutory states
Verify with a surrogacy attorney licensed in your state — laws change
The state entries that follow cite the governing statute or case for each state. Details like county practice, timing, and intended-parent eligibility shift often. Confirm anything you plan to rely on with a licensed attorney in that state.California Statute
Full California surrogate guide →Framework: Family Code §§ 7960–7962 (AB 1217, effective 2013) explicitly permits gestational surrogacy. Johnson v. Calvert (1993) established intent-based parentage; pre-birth orders developed in practice after that and were codified in 2013.
Legal process: Pre-birth order typically filed in the second trimester (timing varies by county and attorney) and issued before delivery. The hospital treats intended parents as legal parents from birth.
Intended parent types: All — married, unmarried, same-sex, single. Inclusive of every family type, as are Illinois, Washington, Nevada, New Jersey, and several others.
Notes: California is the reference point. Deepest intended-parent pool and the smoothest legal process. It also tends to have the highest surrogate compensation by state.
Illinois Statute
Full Illinois surrogate guide →Framework: Gestational Surrogacy Act (750 ILCS 47). Pre-birth orders explicitly available.
Legal process: Similar to California — parentage established during pregnancy; intended parents are legal parents at birth. The surrogate must have carried at least one pregnancy before and have independent counsel.
Intended parent types: The act doesn't require marriage — married, unmarried, same-sex, and single intended parents all qualify. At least one intended parent must contribute a gamete.
Nevada Statute
Full Nevada surrogate guide →Framework: Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 126 (NRS 126.500–126.810, gestational agreements) explicitly permits gestational surrogacy. Routine pre-birth orders.
Legal process: Clear statutory framework similar to California; inclusive of unmarried and same-sex intended parents.
Washington Statute
Full Washington surrogate guide →Framework: Uniform Parentage Act (RCW 26.26A), effective January 2019, permits compensated gestational surrogacy. Before that, compensated surrogacy contracts were void in Washington — so treat pre-2019 guides as obsolete. Pre-birth orders available.
Legal process: Streamlined since 2019. Gestational carrier agreements are enforceable when the statutory requirements (independent counsel, medical and mental-health screening, surrogate age 21+ with a prior birth) are met.
Texas Statute
Full Texas surrogate guide →Framework: Texas Family Code Chapter 160, Subchapter I (§§ 160.751–.763), recognizes gestational agreements.
Legal process: The intended parents petition a court to validate the agreement before embryo transfer (§§ 160.754–.756). Statutory elements include a 90-day Texas residency requirement (intended parents or surrogate), a finding that the intended mother can't carry a pregnancy without unreasonable risk, and a prior pregnancy for the surrogate. An unvalidated agreement isn't illegal, just unenforceable (§ 160.762). Virginia, New Hampshire, and Utah have similar validation procedures. Surrogates typically report the step adds a few weeks; the statute sets no timeline.
Intended parent types: The statute requires intended parents to be married to each other (§ 160.754(b)). Unmarried couples use alternative legal paths — ask a Texas attorney.
New York Statute
Framework: The Child-Parent Security Act legalized compensated gestational surrogacy in February 2021, with a surrogates' bill of rights (independent counsel, health insurance, the right to make your own medical decisions). Traditional surrogacy agreements remain unenforceable.
Legal process: Parentage orders available during pregnancy for agreements that meet the act's requirements.
Notes: Our partner agencies don't currently list New York coverage. Separate agencies handle New York surrogacy.
Michigan Statute
Framework: The Michigan Family Protection Act (signed 2024, effective 2025; 2024 PA 24, the Assisted Reproduction and Surrogacy Parentage Act) repealed the 1988 Surrogate Parenting Act and legalized compensated gestational surrogacy. Agreements are regulated: the surrogate must be at least 21, have given birth before, complete medical and mental-health screening, and have her own attorney.
Legal process: Parentage is established through the agreement and a court order, with orders available before birth.
Notes: This is a full reversal. Older guides — and some agency pages — still describe Michigan as a felony state. Agency coverage is catching up; ask each agency whether it accepts Michigan surrogates yet. Traditional (genetic) surrogacy is treated differently under the act, with extra requirements — confirm with a Michigan attorney.
New Jersey Statute
Framework: New Jersey Gestational Carrier Agreement Act (2018) permits compensated gestational surrogacy with requirements including a surrogate age of 21+, a prior birth, medical and psychological evaluation, and independent counsel.
Legal process: Pre-birth parentage orders available for compliant agreements.
New Hampshire Statute
Framework: RSA 168-B, rewritten in 2014, permits gestational surrogacy. Legal process: Pre-birth orders routine. Notes: Considered one of the more surrogate-friendly New England statutes.
Maine Statute
Framework: Maine Parentage Act (2016) includes gestational carrier agreements. Legal process: Pre-birth orders routine. Notes: Surrogate must be 21+ with a prior birth.
Connecticut Statute
Framework: Connecticut Parentage Act (effective 2022) codified gestational surrogacy, which courts had already handled for years. Legal process: Pre-birth orders routine. Notes: Inclusive of all intended-parent types.
Vermont Statute
Framework: Vermont Parentage Act (2018) includes gestational carrier agreements. Legal process: Pre-birth orders routine. Notes: Straightforward.
Rhode Island Statute
Framework: Uniform Parentage Act (2020) covers gestational surrogacy. Legal process: Pre-birth orders routine. Notes: Straightforward.
Delaware Statute
Framework: Gestational carrier statute (13 Del. C. § 8-801 et seq., 2013). Legal process: Pre-birth orders routine. Notes: Requires screening and independent counsel.
Massachusetts Statute
Framework: Courts granted pre-birth orders under case law (Culliton, 2001) for two decades; the Massachusetts Parentage Act (signed 2024) now codifies gestational carrier agreements. Legal process: Pre-birth orders. Notes: New law — confirm current requirements with a Massachusetts attorney.
Colorado Statute
Framework: Colorado Surrogacy Agreement Act (2021). Legal process: Pre-birth orders available for compliant agreements. Notes: Inclusive statute; independent counsel required.
Florida Statute
Full Florida surrogate guide →Framework: Florida Statutes § 742.15 (enacted 1993) recognizes gestational surrogacy contracts when the intended parents — the "commissioning couple" — are legally married to each other. The marriage requirement is on the intended parents, not the surrogate. Unmarried intended parents use the preplanned adoption route (§ 63.213).
Legal process: Florida has no statutory pre-birth order. Under § 742.16 the intended parents file a petition for affirmation of parental status within 3 days after birth, and the court issues the order after a hearing. Some circuits grant pre-birth orders in practice; ask a Florida attorney what your circuit does. Routine in Florida family courts either way.
Virginia Statute
Framework: Assisted Conception Act (Va. Code § 20-156 et seq., "Status of Children of Assisted Conception") recognizes surrogacy contracts. 2019 amendments removed the marriage requirement for intended parents. Legal process: Either court pre-approval of the contract (similar to Texas and Utah) or a post-birth consent procedure for non-approved contracts. Notes: The statute's compensation language is narrow on its face — ask a Virginia attorney how compensation is handled in practice.
Utah Statute
Framework: Utah Code § 78B-15-801 et seq. Legal process: Court validates the agreement before transfer; intended parents must be married. Notes: Surrogate must be 21+ with a prior birth.
Oklahoma Statute
Framework: Gestational Agreement Act (2019). Legal process: Court validation of the agreement; parentage orders available. Notes: Relatively new statute — confirm details with an Oklahoma attorney.
North Dakota Statute
Framework: N.D.C.C. ch. 14-18 recognizes gestational carrier agreements (the child is the intended parents') and voids traditional surrogacy agreements. Legal process: Parentage by statute; court order for the birth certificate. Notes: Little published practice — work with an attorney familiar with the chapter.
Arkansas Statute
Framework: Ark. Code § 9-10-201, an older statute, treats a child born to a surrogate as the child of the intended parents in defined situations. Legal process: Court order for the birth certificate. Notes: The statute is dated and its wording is narrow; an Arkansas attorney should confirm how it applies to your arrangement.
District of Columbia Statute
Framework: The Collaborative Reproduction Amendment Act of 2016 (effective 2017) repealed DC's old ban and legalized compensated gestational surrogacy. Legal process: Pre-birth orders available for compliant agreements. Notes: Surrogate must be 21+ with a prior birth and complete screening; independent counsel required.
Case law and routine practice states
Georgia Practice
Framework: No statute, but courts routinely issue parentage orders. Legal process: Pre-birth or post-birth orders through county courts. Well practiced.
Ohio Practice
Framework: Case law (J.F. v. D.B., 2007) supports gestational surrogacy. No statute. Legal process: Pre-birth orders available through probate or juvenile courts.
Pennsylvania Practice
Framework: Case law (In re Baby S., 2015) upheld a gestational agreement. No statute. Legal process: Pre-birth orders routinely granted.
Maryland Practice
Framework: Case law (In re Roberto d.B., 2007) and routine court practice. Legal process: Pre-birth orders common.
Oregon Practice
Framework: No statute; long-established, surrogacy-friendly court practice. Legal process: Pre-birth orders routine.
Iowa Practice
Framework: The Iowa Supreme Court upheld a gestational surrogacy agreement in P.M. v. T.B. (2018). Legal process: Court orders; process varies by county.
Wisconsin Practice
Framework: Rosecky v. Schissel (2013) enforced a surrogacy agreement except for terms about terminating parental rights. Legal process: Court orders; some steps happen after birth.
Minnesota Practice
Framework: No statute; courts handle gestational surrogacy regularly. Legal process: Pre-birth orders in many counties.
Missouri Practice
Framework: No statute; court practice. Legal process: Orders granted county by county.
Montana Practice
Framework: No statute; court practice. Legal process: Pre-birth orders in some counties.
New Mexico Practice
Framework: Courts handle gestational surrogacy; confirm whether the current parentage act applies to your agreement. Legal process: Orders available; timing varies.
North Carolina Practice
Framework: No statute; practiced routinely. Legal process: Courts commonly grant pre-birth orders; some counties handle it after birth.
South Carolina Practice
Framework: No statute; practiced routinely. Legal process: Courts commonly grant pre-birth orders; varies by county.
Tennessee Practice
Framework: Tenn. Code § 36-1-102 defines "surrogate birth" but does not set out a full statutory process. Legal process: Courts routinely issue pre-birth orders for gestational arrangements.
Kentucky Practice
Framework: No statute; gestational surrogacy practiced. Legal process: Court orders, often after birth. Traditional surrogacy is discouraged.
Alabama Practice
Framework: No surrogacy statute; the adoption code exempts surrogacy from its payment rules. Legal process: Post-birth orders common.
Alaska Practice
Framework: No statute; court practice. Legal process: Post-birth process typical.
Hawaii Practice
Framework: No statute; court practice. Legal process: Post-birth process typical.
Idaho Practice
Framework: Practiced through court orders. Recent legislative changes have been reported — confirm the current statute with an Idaho attorney. Legal process: Court orders.
South Dakota Practice
Framework: No statute; court practice. Legal process: Orders by county.
West Virginia Practice
Framework: No full statute; W. Va. Code § 48-22-803 exempts surrogacy fees from adoption-payment limits. Legal process: Orders by county.
Wyoming Practice
Framework: No statute; court practice. Legal process: Orders by county.
Proceed-with-caution states
In these states a statute or attorney-general opinion says surrogacy contracts are unenforceable, yet courts still issue parentage orders in practice. The arrangement can work, but your contract is a weaker shield if something goes wrong. Talk to a local reproductive-law attorney before you commit.
Arizona Caution
Framework: A.R.S. § 25-218 declares surrogate parentage contracts unenforceable. Soos v. Superior Court (1994) struck the part of the statute that made the surrogate the legal mother, so courts can recognize intended parents — but the contract itself is not enforceable.
Legal process: Parentage orders are granted county by county, often after birth. Notes: Surrogacy happens in Arizona, but treat it as caution-tier until the legislature acts.
Indiana Caution
Framework: Ind. Code § 31-20-1-1 declares surrogacy agreements void as against public policy. Legal process: Courts still grant parentage orders for gestational arrangements, usually pre-birth. Notes: Works in practice; contract terms may not be enforceable.
Kansas Caution
Framework: A 1982 attorney-general opinion calls surrogacy contracts void; there is no statute. Legal process: Post-birth orders or adoption. Notes: Confirm current practice with a Kansas attorney.
Mississippi Caution
Framework: No statute and no clear appellate precedent. Legal process: County-dependent; post-birth steps common. Notes: Limited practice; check with a Mississippi attorney.
Restricted states
Louisiana Restricted
Framework: La. R.S. 9:2713 declares traditional surrogacy contracts null. A 2016 law (R.S. 9:2718–2720.15) allows gestational carrier contracts only for married intended parents using their own gametes, with residency requirements and no payment beyond expenses.
Impact: Compensated surrogacy is effectively unavailable. Our partner agencies don't match surrogates in Louisiana.
Nebraska Restricted
Framework: Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,200 makes compensated surrogate parenthood contracts void and unenforceable.
Impact: A paid surrogacy contract can't be enforced in Nebraska. Our partner agencies don't match surrogates there.
See which states we serve
Our 2-minute quiz gives you an instant answer for your state: whether a partner agency covers it and what the legal process looks like.
Check coveragePre-birth orders: the key legal mechanism
A pre-birth order is a court order issued during the pregnancy that establishes the intended parents as the legal parents before the baby is born. It's the most protective legal mechanism for everyone involved. The mechanics vary by state — some are stipulated judgments, some require a hearing — but the general shape looks like this:
How pre-birth orders work
- Typically in the second trimester, the intended parents' attorney files a petition in the county where the baby will be born (or where the intended parents live). Timing varies by state, county, and attorney.
- The petition includes the surrogacy contract, medical records confirming the pregnancy, and affidavits from the surrogate and intended parents.
- The court reviews and (in states where this is routine) issues an order naming the intended parents as the legal parents.
- The hospital is notified of the order before delivery.
- At birth, the hospital treats the intended parents as the legal parents from the moment of delivery. The baby's birth certificate names them as parents.
States where pre-birth orders are routine
- California, Illinois, Nevada, Washington, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Delaware, New Jersey, Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Colorado, Michigan, DC, Oregon
- Most of Georgia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Minnesota, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina (county-dependent)
States where post-birth orders or adoption are common
In some states, parental rights are established after the baby is born. The intended parents either complete a second-parent adoption or obtain a post-birth order. This works but adds complexity and delay.
- Florida (affirmation of parental status within 3 days of birth), Virginia (contracts that weren't court pre-approved)
- Arizona, Indiana, Kansas (contracts unenforceable; orders granted county by county)
- Kentucky, Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii
Why state law matters to you
State law affects:
- Which agencies serve you. Partner agencies won't operate in restricted states, and some skip caution-tier states too.
- The legal timeline. Pre-birth order states are faster; post-birth states add time after delivery — often weeks, sometimes a few months, depending on the court.
- Your legal protection. Statutory states offer the strongest protection. Case-law states are mostly fine but less predictable. Caution-tier states leave your contract on shaky ground.
- Intended parent pool. Strong-framework states attract more intended parents, meaning faster matching.
If you live in a restricted state, your options are either to pursue surrogacy with a specific out-of-state legal arrangement (complex, not something we facilitate) or to move. Moving states to become a surrogate isn't something we recommend.
Frequently asked questions
Which states allow surrogacy?
Which states prohibit surrogacy?
Is surrogacy legal in Texas?
What are the surrogacy laws in Florida?
What is a pre-birth order?
Do all states issue pre-birth orders?
Can I be a surrogate if my state prohibits it?
Did New York recently change its surrogacy law?
Sources
- California Family Code § 7962 (gestational carrier agreements) — leginfo.legislature.ca.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Illinois Gestational Surrogacy Act, 750 ILCS 47 — ilga.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 126 (parentage; gestational agreements) — leg.state.nv.us, accessed 2026-08-26
- Washington Uniform Parentage Act, RCW 26.26A — app.leg.wa.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Texas Family Code Chapter 160, Subchapter I (gestational agreements) — statutes.capitol.texas.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Florida Statutes § 742.15 (gestational surrogacy contracts) — leg.state.fl.us, accessed 2026-08-26
- New York Child-Parent Security Act, Family Court Act Article 5-C — nysenate.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Michigan Assisted Reproduction and Surrogacy Parentage Act, 2024 PA 24 (Michigan Family Protection Act) — legislature.mi.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- New Jersey Gestational Carrier Agreement Act, P.L. 2018, c. 18 — pub.njleg.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Virginia Assisted Conception Act, Va. Code Title 20, Chapter 9 — law.lis.virginia.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Utah Code Title 78B, Chapter 15, Part 8 (gestational agreements) — le.utah.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Colorado Surrogacy Agreement Act, HB21-1022 — leg.colorado.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- D.C. Code Title 16, Chapter 4 (Collaborative Reproduction) — code.dccouncil.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- North Dakota Century Code Chapter 14-18 (Uniform Parentage Act; gestational carriers) — ndlegis.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Arizona Revised Statutes § 25-218 (surrogate parentage contracts) — azleg.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Louisiana R.S. 9:2713 and R.S. 9:2718–2720.15 — legis.la.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- Nebraska Rev. Stat. § 25-21,200 — nebraskalegislature.gov, accessed 2026-08-26
- ASRM Practice Committee, "Recommendations for practices using gestational carriers: a committee opinion" (2022) — asrm.org, accessed 2026-08-26